What is Regenerative Braking & How Does it Work?

Regenerative braking is the process of recharging the battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle while braking – read on to find out how and why.

With the tremendous growth in popularity of high-tech greener transport we’re seeing huge advancements in other supporting and related technologies. Tech such as physical sensors, LIDAR sensors, high-power processors, tiny high-resolution cameras, batteries, and motors aren’t only being developed for the enthusiasm for eco-cars, but are now becoming advanced enough to be used in other applications. It’s a really exciting time for transport!

One innovation that you’ll likely have heard of in relation to hybrid and electric vehicles is ‘regenerative braking’ – but what even is it, and how does it work? Let’s find out.

Firstly, how does a motor move a car?

Before we can understand regenerative braking, we need to look at how cars move in the first place.

In order to move anything, you need to generate power from somewhere and then convert that to kinetic energy. In traditional combustion engine vehicles, this is done through combusting a fuel-air mixture in cylinders which, through a small series of mechanical connections, turns the axles and gets your car going. Check out this page for a full rundown on how combustion engines work and this page for how they get to moving a car.

What first spins in a combustion engine is the crankshaft – which then turns other elements – but the power in an electric motor comes directly from the electric (chemical) energy of the batteries. In an electric motor, the engine core itself spins.

How electric motors work

The exact process of converting the chemical energy from the batteries into the kinetic energy required to move a car is quite technical – so we won’t get fully into the science here. But, in short, an electromagnet is used to turn a central core. Because opposites attract, a series of polar opposites are arranged in a circle around the core but as electromagnets (meaning they can be turned on and off).

By turning electromagnets on and off in the right sequence, the core spins around.

This YouTube video by Jared Owen is a brilliant in-depth explanation of how the electromagnets work in a motor.

This is the same as an electricity generator

So you’re turning the electrical power into mechanical power through the electromagnets. But, importantly, this is exactly the same way any electricity generator works, but the electricity generator works in reverse (by converting mechanical power into electricity).

By the time you’ve got your car moving, it’s built up enough momentum to keep moving for quite some time unless there’s something slowing it down (such as disc brakes). It’s why on a motorway you’ll likely not need to use your brakes very much at all.

In an electric car, as a simplification, the wheels are still connected to the motor when you take your foot off the accelerator pedal, it’s just that the power to the wheels is cut off. What this means is that the wheels are now acting as the mechanical power that turns the motor.

This, in turn, generates power that’s put back into the batteries.

This has two effects:

1. It turns the core through the mechanical momentum of the car – and therefore recharges the batteries.
2. It slows the car down – because the mechanical power required to recharge the batteries through the ‘generator’ is similar to the power required to move the car in the first place.

Here’s another great video explaining the process:

Does this make an unlimited battery?

If this recharges the batteries, then it’s natural to assume that you’ve now got an unlimited battery! But, unfortunately, that’s not the case.

If you remember the Conservation of Energy Law (that energy is never created or destroyed, but converted) then you’ll likely remember that there’s also a lot of opportunity to unintentionally lose energy (to other elements) in conversions.

The ‘regenerative’ part of the regenerative braking, therefore, isn’t able to recharge the batteries to more than they started with because lots of energy is lost in the form of heat and sound with each conversion.

Unfortunately, at the current stage of the technology, it’s only able to recapture a small percentage of the energy used to move the car – though sometimes as much as 20%.

The main benefit, then, isn’t to create unlimited car batteries but to extend the driving range. Being able to go 20% further on one charge is actually quite significant!

Are Hybrids/EVs still fitted with a hydraulic braking system?

While most modern hybrid and electric vehicles mostly rely heavily on regenerative brakes to slow down they are also fitted with hydraulic brakes for a few couple of key reasons:

• Safety – Although regenerative braking helps to improve the efficiency of electric vehicles, it is unfortunately not always great at slowing cars down quickly. In the event of an emergency stop, hydraulic brakes mean that systems such as ABS and ESP (Stability Control) are still operational for each individual wheel, helping to reduce the risk of skidding.The inclusion of hydraulic brakes also means that in the event of electrical failure, the vehicle can still be slowed to a stop.
• Stationary Braking – When stopped at a junction, or traffic lights, there will not be any kinetic energy present for the regenerative braking system to convert into electrical energy. In this situation, mechanical brakes would be required to prevent the car from rolling.

What does this change for brake servicing?

As the hydraulic brakes in electric vehicles are essentially used as a back-up to the regenerative brakes, they should be used less, and therefore should last longer than in traditional petrol or diesel vehicles. However, this is not always the case – as with less use it can be possible for rust and other contaminants to build up more quickly. A build-up of such contaminants can cause issues within the braking mechanism, from the brake pads and discs, to caliper pistons and slider pins.

Need to get your electric car serviced?

To keep your brakes in safe condition regular checks should be carried out across the entire braking system – whether it be a hybrid or electric vehicle, or a traditional combustion engine. If you’re unsure on the condition of your brakes, or would like peace of mind before taking a trip in your vehicle, why not pop down to your local Kwik Fit centre, where you can have a free brake check carried out by one of our trained electric vehicle technicians at a time that suits you.

If you need your electric car looked at, make sure you choose somebody qualified to work with EVs – trust the experts at your local Kwik Fit centre.